SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS THROUGH SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP: EXPERIENCES OF TRANSGENDER COMMUNITIES IN TAMIL NADU

Abstract

In Tamil Nadu, transgender entrepreneurs are increasingly leveraging social enterprises to achieve both economic independence and social inclusion. Despite positive developments they still face significant challenges, including social stigma, limited access to finance, low formal education levels, market discrimination, and a lack of sustained policy implementation. Social enterprises play a crucial role by providing transgender individuals with market connections, mentorship, seed funding, and skill development. Simultaneously, new opportunities are emerging such as inclusive government initiative, growing social acceptance, digital platforms, and collaborations with cooperatives and self-help organizations. The aim of this study to evaluate the effectiveness of social enterprises in fostering entrepreneurship and empowerment, and to examine the primary obstacles and opportunities encountered by transgender entrepreneurs in Tamil Nadu. The findings are expected to support the development of inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystems, policy frameworks and social enterprises models tailored for underrepresented gender communities.